Faculty and Staff Profiles

Brennan K. Berg
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Dr. Brennan K. Berg is an Associate Professor of Sport Commerce in the Kemmons Wilson School of Hospitality and Resort Management at The University of Memphis. He received his B.A. in Political Science from The University of Memphis, his M.S. in Sport and Leisure Commerce from The University of Memphis, and his Ph.D. in Sport Management from the University of Texas at Austin. Dr. Berg's research interest lies in the subdiscipline of sport policy, including elite athlete development, sport as a tool for public health, the utilization of sport for international relations, and policymaking in sport. His work has been published in various peer-reviewed journals, such as Sport Management Review, Journal of Sport Management, International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, European Sport Management Quarterly, and Sport Marketing Quarterly, and featured in various local, national, and international media outlets. His research has been presented at academic conferences around the globe, such as the North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM). Dr. Berg now serves on the editorial boards of Journal of Global Sport Management and Societies. He recently served as an ad hoc journal reviewer for Sport Management Review, Journal of Sport Management, International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, European Sport Management Quarterly, Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, and Sport Marketing Quarterly. He has also been a conference reviewer and mentor multiple years for NASSM. In 2018, Dr. Berg was the first recipient of the Distinguished Research Scholar Award in the University of Memphis Kemmons Wilson School of Hospitality and Resort Management

Dr. Berg has been appointed by University of Memphis President David Rudd to serve on the university’s Faculty Athletics Committee. He is also The University of Memphis Representative to the Coalition on Intercollegiate Athletics (COIA). Dr. Berg has led the Sport Commerce study abroad program and represents the Kemmons Wilson School in The University of Memphis Faculty Senate. Outside The University of Memphis Sport Commerce program, Dr. Berg has coordinated outreach efforts with The University of Memphis Athletics Department. Additionally, he was an invited panelist at the first annual American Athletic Conference (AAC) Academic Consortium on student-athlete well-being and presented his research the following year after receiving a research grant from the conference in 2017. Dr. Berg subsequently received another research grant from the AAC Academic Consortium in 2020 to continue his research examining college athlete development.



Additional Information

  

Education
  • Ph.D. Sport Management - University of Texas at Austin - 2012
  • M.S. Sport and Leisure Commerce - The University of Memphis - 2007
  • B.A. Political Science - The University of Memphis - 2005

Work Experience
  • Associate Professor, Sport Commerce Unit - The University of Memphis - 2018-Present
  • Assistant Professor, Sport Commerce Unit - The University of Memphis - 2012-2018
  • Teaching Assistant, Sport Management Unit - University of Texas at Austin - 2008-2012
  • Sales Representative,   - Spurs Sports & Entertainment - 2007-2008
  • Selected Leader, Sport and Leisure Commerce - The University of Memphis Ford Sponsorship Activation Team - 2006-2007
  • Invited Member, Sport and Leisure Commerce - The University of Memphis Sport Sales Program - 2006
  • Graduate Assistant, Alumni Association - The University of Memphis - 2005-2006
  • Intern, Office of Political Affairs - The White House - 2004
  • Intern, Office of U.S. Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist - United States Congress - 2003
Honors/Awards
  • American Athletics Conference Research Grant Program ($15,000). Acclimating to a new era in college athletics: Name, image, and likeness in the AAC. B. K. Berg (PI), C. T. Havard (Co-I), M. Hutchinson (Co-I), S. Warner (Co-I), & J. E. Wells (Co-I). - American Athletics Conference - March 2022 – August 2023
  • The University of Memphis 2022 Communities of Research Scholars (CoRS) Grant ($2,500). Name, Image, and Likeness in Tennessee: A Historic Policy Change for College Athletics. B. K. Berg (PI), L. W. Black (Co-I), C. T. Havard (Co-I), M. Hutchinson (Co-I), & R. D. Byrd (Co-I). - The University of Memphis 2022 Communities of Research Scholars (CoRS) Grant - October 2021 - March 2022
  • The Atlantic Coast Conference Innovation Initiative Research Grant Program ($1,500). Concluding college careers: Athlete transitions in the ACC. E. Sabin (PI), B. K. Berg (Co-I), M. Hutchinson (Co-I), & S. Stokowski (Co-I). - The Atlantic Coast Conference Innovation Initiative Research Grant Program - October 2021 – September 2022.
  • Faculty Scholarship Award - The University of Memphis Kemmons Wilson School of Hospitality and Resort Management - 2020
  • American Athletics Conference Research Grant Program ($15,000). Effective Social Support to Retain AAC Student-Athletes. B. K. Berg (Co-PI), S. Warner (Co-PI), D. W. Walsh (Co-I), & J. E. Wells (Co-I). - American Athletics Conference - April 2020 – May 2021
  • Distinguished Research Scholar (First recipient of the award). - The University of Memphis Kemmons Wilson School of Hospitality and Resort Management - 2018
  • American Athletics Conference Research Grant Program ($7,000). Promoting Healthy Community for AAC Student-Athletes. S. Warner (Co-PI) & B. K. Berg (Co-PI) - The American Athletics Conference - June 2017 -- May 2018
  • Tri-Success Grant Program ($5,000). Managing sport development absent a formal governance structure. J. Woolf (PI), B. Newland, B. Berg (Co-I), & B.C. Green - University of Windsor - September 2012 – August 2013
  • The University of Memphis Women’s Volleyball Team Honorary Coach -- in appreciation of a team member’s positive learning experience in one of her classes - University of Memphis Women's Volleyball - 2012
  • The Lynn Wade McCraw Endowed Presidential Fellowship for excellence in continued scholarship in education - University of Texas at Austin - 2011-2012
  • The Alderson Teaching Excellence Award - University of Texas at Austin - 2011-2012
  • The Alderson Teaching Excellence Award - University of Texas at Austin - 2010-2011
  • The John W. Burgess Award for exemplary service to the political science discipline, The University of Memphis, and the community at large - The Department of Political Science at The University of Memphis - 2005

Teaching Experience
  • SLS 2105 -- Foundations of Sport and Leisure Studies (On-campus and online) - The University of Memphis
  • SLS 3650 -- Promotions in Sport and Leisure (On-campus and online) - The University of Memphis
  • SLS 4155 -- Sport and Leisure Governance (On-campus and online) - The University of Memphis
  • SLS 4509 -- Christianity Culture in Sport & Recreation (Online) - The University of Memphis
  • SPRT 7440 -- Sport Promotions and Information Services (On-campus and online) - The University of Memphis
  • SPRT 7651 -- Policy and Governance in Sport (On-campus and online) - The University of Memphis

Creative Activities
  • Coordinator for the 1968 U.S. Olympic Team Oral History Project at the H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports - 2011-2018 - The University of Texas at Austin -  

Support
  • E. Sabin (PI), B. K. Berg (Co-I), M. Hutchinson (Co-I), & S. Stokowski (Co-I). Concluding college careers: Athlete transitions in the ACC. - The Atlantic Coast Conference Innovation Initiative Research Grant Program - $1,500 - October 2021 – September 2022. (Awarded).
  • B. K. Berg (Co-PI), S. Warner (Co-PI), D. W. Walsh (Co-I), & J. E. Wells (Co-I). Effective social support to retain AAC student-athletes. - American Athletics Conference Research Grant Program - $15,000 - April 2020 – May 2021 (Awarded)
  • S. Warner (Co-PI) & B. K. Berg (Co-PI), Promoting healthy community for AAC student-athletes. - American Athletic Conference Research Grant Program - $7,000 - June 2017 -- May 2018 (Awarded)
  • Woolf, J. (PI), Newland, B. (Co-I), Berg, B. (Co-I), & Green, B.C. (Co-I). Managing sport development absent a formal governance structure. - Tri-Success Grant Program – University of Windsor - $5,000 - September 2012 – August 2013. (Awarded).
  • B. K. Berg (PI), L. W. Black (Co-I), C. T. Havard (Co-I), M. Hutchinson (Co-I), & R. D. Byrd (Co-I). Name, Image, and Likeness in Tennessee: A Historic Policy Change for College Athletic. - The University of Memphis 2022 Communities of Research Scholars (CoRS) Grant - $2,500 - October 2021 - March 2022 (Awarded)

Outreach
  • Mystery Patron Assessement - Graduate and Undergraduate Sport Commerce Students - 2016 - Present - The University of Memphis Athletics Department
Service
  • The University of Memphis - President’s Panel Hearing Committee - 2017 - Present
  • The University of Memphis - Faculty Athletics Committee – Presidential Appointee - 2016 - Present
  • The University of Memphis - Elected Representative for The University of Memphis Faculty Senate to the Coalition on Intercollegiate Athletics (COIA) - 2015 - Present
  • The University of Memphis - Elected Faculty Senator for The Kemmons Wilson School of Hospitality and Resort Management - 2015 - Present
  • The University of Memphis - Sport Commerce Study Abroad Director - 2015 - Present
  • The University of Memphis - Sport Commerce Graduate Academic Advisor (52 total students) - 2013 - Present
  • The University of Memphis - Search Committee Member for Open Sport and Leisure Management Instructor and Internship Coordinator Position - 2017
  • The University of Memphis - Memphis Healthy U - Executive Committee Member - 2013 - 2017
  • The University of Memphis - Faculty Mentor to Instructor Nicole Imbrogno - 2015 - 2016
  • The University of Memphis - Department of Health and Sport Sciences Undergraduate Curriculum Council - Sport and Leisure Management Representative - 2013 - 2015
  • The University of Memphis - Tennessee Board of Regents' Sports and Leisure Management Tennessee Transfer Pathways Team - 2015
  • The University of Memphis - Search Committee Member for Open Sport and Leisure Management Instructor and Internship Coordinator Position - 2015
  • In Girginov, V. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of sport studies. Routledge - Editorial Advisor – Sport, Health, and Wellbeing section - 2021 - Present
  • Findings in Sport, Hospitality, Entertainment, and Event Management - Editorial Board - 2020 -- Present
  • Journal of Global Sport Management - Editorial Board - 2015 -- Present
  • Societies - Editorial Board - 2014 -- Present
  • Journal of Sport Management - Ad Hoc Journal Reviewer - 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 (2)
  • Sport Marketing Quarterly - Ad Hoc Journal Reviewer - 2020, 2021
  • Sport Management Review - Ad Hoc Journal Reviewer - 2016 (2), 2017 (3), 2018 (3), 2020
  • Journal of Intercollegiate Sport - Ad Hoc Journal Reviewer - 2018, 2020 (2)
  • European Sport Management Quarterly - Ad Hoc Journal Reviewer - 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019
  • International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics - Ad Hoc Journal Reviewer - 2015 - 2018
  • Case Studies in Sport Management - Ad Hoc Journal Reviewer - 2014, 2017
  • AIMS Public Health -- 2017 - Ad Hoc Journal Reviewer - 2017
  • European Journal for Sport and Society - Ad Hoc Journal Reviewer - 2016
  • Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics - Ad Hoc Journal Reviewer - 2015
  • Societies - Ad Hoc Journal Reviewer - 2014
  • North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM) - Conference Reviewer - 2012 -- Present
  • North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM) - Faculty Mentor - 2013 -- Present
  • North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM) - Student Research Competition Reviewer - 2015
  • Holcomb Hathaway Publishers -- Managing Organizations for Sport and Physical Activity - Ad Hoc Book Reviewer - 2012
Books Published
  • Berg, B. K. (2021). Diplomacy. In Pedersen, P. M. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of sport management. (pp. 138-141). Edward Elgar.
  • Berg, B. K. (2021). Policy. In Pedersen, P. M. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of sport management. (pp. 363-366). Edward Elgar.   
Journal Articles
  • Berg, B. K., Warner, S., Walsh, D. W., & Wells, J. E. (2021). NCAA athlete development and retention: Administrators’ perspectives. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 14, 694-716.
  • Berg, B. K., Inoue, Y., Bowers, M. T., & Chelladurai, P. (2021). “Sport is double-edged”: A Delphi study of spectator sport and population health. Journal of Sport Management. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2020-0399
  • Berg, B. K. (2021). The immense potential of sport diplomacy. Findings in Sport, Hospitality, Entertainment, and Event Management, 1, 34-37. Available at: https://www.memphis.edu/wilson/research/6-sport_diplomacy.pdf
  • Dowling, M., Leopkey, B., Inoue, Y., Berg, B. K., & Smith, L. (2020). Scoping reviews and structured research synthesis in sport: Methods, protocol and lessons learnt. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 12(4), 765-774.

  • Berg, B. K., & Warner, S. (2019). Advancing college athlete development via social support. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 12, 87-113.

  • Inoue, Y., Berg, B. K., & Chelladurai, P. (2019). Spectator sport and population health: A consultation with U.S. college athletics employees. Journal of Global Sport Management. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2019.1566755

  • Berg, B. K., Agyemang, K. J. A., & Fuller, R. D. (2018). The enduring legacy of the “Black Power” salute. The Society Pages – Engaging Sports. Retrieved from: https://thesocietypages.org/engagingsports/2018/12/10/the-enduring-legacy-of-the-black-power-salute/

  • Agyemang, K. J. A., Berg, B. K., & Fuller, R. D. (2018). Disrupting the disruptor: Perceptions as institutional maintenance work at the 1968 Olympic Games. Journal of Sport Management, 32(6), 567-580.

  • Berg, B. K., Fuller, R. D., & Hutchinson, M. (2018). “But a champion comes out much, much later”: A sport development case study of the 1968 U.S. Olympic Team. Sport Management Review, 21(4), 430-442.     

  • Hutchinson, M., Berg, B. K., & Kellison, T. B. (2018). The role of politics in escalation of commitment: Government involvement in sport facility funding. Sport Management Review, 21(3), 263-278.

  • Fuller, R. D., Berg, B. K., & Hutchinson, M. (2018). Eliminating varsity sports at a NCAA Division III institution: Evaluating the decision-making process. SAGE Business Cases.

  • Berg, B. K., Winsley, K., Fuller, R. D., & Hutchinson, M. (2017). From crisis to de-escalation: An examination of politics in a U.S. high school steroid testing program. International Journal of Exercise Science, 10(6), 890-899.

  • Fuller, R. D., Berg, B. K., & Hutchinson, M. (2017). Aspirations through association: Using athletics to enhance institutional prestige. Case Studies in Sport Management, 6(1), 20-30.

  • Berg, B. K., Hutchinson, M., & Irwin, C. C. (2016). Prioritizing local sport activities: Determining organizational commitment to an innovative swimming program. Case Studies in Sport Management, 5(1), 69-79.

  • Hutchinson, M., Havard, C. T., Berg, B. K., & Ryan, T. D. (2016). Losing the core sport product: Marketing amidst uncertainty in college athletics. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 25(3), 185-194.


  • Berg, B. K., Irwin, C. C., Wright, P. M., Irwin, R. L., & Hutchinson, M. (2016). An unacceptable status quo: A sport development case study of swimming and drownings. Sport Management Review, 19(4), 454-465. 

  • Woolf, J., Berg, B. K., Newland, B., & Green, B. C. (2016). So you want to be a fighter? Institutional work and sport development processes at an elite mixed martial arts gym. Journal of Sport Management, 30(4), 438-452.

  • Berg, B. K. (2016). Sustaining local physical activity programs: Lessons from the United States. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 8(2), 245-264.
  • Inoue, Y., Berg, B. K., & Chelladurai, P. (2015). Spectator sport and population health: A scoping study. Journal of Sport Management, 29(6), 705-725.
  • Hutchinson, M. & Berg B. K. (2015). Institutions of higher commitment: A case study of de-escalation and American football's decisive role in intercollegiate athletics. Sport Management Review, 18, 464-480.

  • Berg, B. K., Warner, S., & Das, B. M. (2015). What about sport? A public health perspective on leisure-time physical activity. Sport Management Review, 18(1), 20-31.  

  • Berg, B. K., & Chalip, L. (2013). Regulating the emerging: A policy discourse analysis of mixed martial arts legislation. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 5(1), 21-38.
  • Berg, B. K., Kessler, S., & Hunt, T. M. (2012). A realist perspective of sport and international relations: US governmental perceptions of Olympic boycott movements, 1936 to 2008. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 4(3), 307-320. 
  • Lim, S.Y., Warner, S., Dixon, M., Berg, B., Kim, C., & Newhouse-Bailey, M. (2011). Sport participation across national contexts: A multilevel investigation of individual and systemic influences on adult sport participation. European Sport Management Quarterly, 11(3), 197-224.
Presentations
  • Berg, B., Inoue, Y., & Wicker, P. (October, 2021). Sport Events for Health and Well-Being. Ph.D. Colloquium. Florida State University.
  • Offered comments, by request, on various current issues in college athletics to WalletHub. (March 10, 2021).
  • Berg, B. K., Warner, S., Walsh, D. W., & Wells, J. E. (November, 2020). Effective Social Support for Athlete Well-Being and Retention. Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand Conference, Virtual due to COVID-19.
  • Effective social support for college athletes study featured in the Memphis Commercial Appeal news article. (October 9, 2020)
  • Berg, B. K., Bowers, M., & Chelladurai, P. (May, 2020). Forecasting Spectator Sport and Population Health Research: A Delphi Study. North American Society for Sport Management Conference, Virtual due to COVID-19.
  • Television interview with Fox 13 News (Memphis Fox affiliate) to discuss research on assisting athletes with transitions out of a competitive sport career. (June 19, 2019).
  • Leopkey, B., Berg, B., Dowling, M., Inoue, Y., & Smith, L. (May, 2019). Scoping reviews in sport management: Methods, protocol and lessons learnt. North American Society for Sport Management Conference, New Orleans, LA.
  • Warner, S., & Berg, B. K. (April, 2019). A holistic approach toward elite athlete development. College Sport Research Institute Conference, Columbia, SC.
  • Havard, C. T., Fuller, R. D., Ryan, T. D., Berg, B. K., & Hutchinson, M. (February, 2019). Examining differences in perceptions and reactions toward sport rivals among African American fans. Applied Sport Management Association Conference, Nashville, TN.
  • Warner, S., Berg, B., & Kim, K. (June, 2018). Student-athletes, community, and outcomes. North American Society for Sport Management Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
  • Agyemang, K., Berg, B., & Fuller, R. (June, 2018). Understanding institutional defiance in an institutionalized field: A case study of the 1968 Olympic Games. North American Society for Sport Management Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
  • Warner, S., & Berg, B. K. (April, 2018). Healthy Community: Best Practices in the AAC. American Athletic Conference Academic Consortium. Orlando, FL.
  • Fuller, R. D., Berg, B. K., Hutchinson, M., & Ryan, T. D. (February, 2018). The effect of athletic association reclassification on institutional status. Applied Sport Management Conference, Waco, TX.
  • Television interview with WMC Action News 5 (Memphis NBC affiliate) to discuss research on developing elite athletic talent using a historical case study and interviews with the 1968 U.S. Olympic Team. (August 5, 2017).
  • Television interview with WMC Action News 5 (Memphis NBC affiliate) to discuss research on college athlete social development in conjunction with the American Athletic Conference. (July 1, 2017).
  • Berg, B. K., Inoue, Y., & Chelladurai, P. (June, 2017). Spectator sport and population health: A consultation exercise bridging research and practice. North American Society for Sport Management Conference, Denver, CO.
  • Fuller, R. D., Berg, B. K., & Hutchinson, M. (June, 2017). Aspirations through association: Using athletics to enhance institutional prestige. North American Society for Sport Management Conference, Denver, CO.
  • Berg, B. K. (April, 2017). Sport Policy Study: Distinctiveness, Diversity, and Relevance. Kemmons Wilson School Research Forum. The University of Memphis.
  • Hoffman, J., Robinson, M., Berg, B. K., Marr, D., Raube, P., Cobb, E., Wilson, J., Martin, R., & Hawkins, B. (March, 2017). Psychosocial Aspects of Sport. American Athletic Conference Academic Consortium. Philadelphia, PA.  
  • Harmon, B. E., Berg, B. K., Thurston, I., Leak, C., Nigg, C. R., Hayman, L. L. (March, 2017). Expanding the Living Healthy Summer Camp to Latino families. Society of Behavioral Medicine Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA.
  • Berg, B. K., & Hutchinson, M. (June, 2016). An unacceptable status quo: A sport development case study of swimming and drownings. North American Society for Sport Management Conference, Orlando, FL.
  • Fuller, R. D., Hutchinson, M., & Berg, B. K. (June, 2016). Aspirations through associations: Using Division III athletics to enhance institutional status and reputation. North American Society for Sport Management Conference, Orlando, FL.
  • Inoue, Y., Berg, B. K., Bowers, M., Chelladurai, P., Du, J., Kihl, L., Sato, M., & Warner, S. (June, 2015). Management of sport for public health: Defining the field. North American Society for Sport Management Conference, Ottawa, Ontario.
  • Hutchinson, M., & Berg, B. K. (June, 2015). Institutions of higher commitment: A case study of de-escalation and American football’s decisive role in intercollegiate athletics. North American Society for Sport Management Conference, Ottawa, Ontario.
  • Berg, B., Warner, S., & Das, B. (April, 2015). The use of sport to help U.S. adults meet physical activity and public health recommendations. East Carolina University’s National Public Health Week Symposium, Greenville, NC.
  • Newland, B., Woolf, J., Berg, B. K., & Green, B. C. (November, 2014). Emergent sports governance: Lessons from mixed martial arts. Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand Conference, Melbourne, Australia.
  • Inoue, Y., & Berg, B. K. (May, 2014). The role of sport management in public health: A critical review. North American Society for Sport Management Conference, Pittsburgh, PA.
  • Berg, B. K. (April, 2014). Challenges and opportunities in sustaining local physical activity programs. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation & Dance National Convention and Exposition, St. Louis, MO.
  • Berg, B. K., Irwin, C. C., & Irwin, R. L. (April, 2014). Higher on the policy agenda: A case study of swimming. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation & Dance National Convention and Exposition, St. Louis, MO.
  • Berg, B. K. (March, 2014). Sport chaplaincy. Sport and Leisure Management 4903 - Christianity and the Culture of Sport and Recreation (Undergraduate). The University of Memphis.
  • Berg, B. K., & Warner, S. (May, 2013). Altering the emphases in sport programs: The oversight of hedonic rewards and sense of community. North American Society for Sport Management Conference, Austin, TX.
  • Berg, B. K. (March, 2013). Sport chaplaincy. Sport and Leisure Management 4903 - Christianity and the Culture of Sport and Recreation (Undergraduate). The University of Memphis.
  • Berg, B. K., Green, B.C., & Hunt, T.M. (May, 2012). Sport development and the 1968 Olympics: A case study of the U.S. sport system prior to Title IX and intense commercialization. North American Society for Sport Management Conference, Seattle, WA.
  • Odio, M., Agyemang, K.J.A., Walker, N.A., Berg, B. K., Brown, L., & Leopkey, B. (May, 2012). Succeeding at each stage of the doctoral process: 2012 NASSM student symposium. North American Society for Sport Management Conference, Seattle, WA.
  • Berg, B. (April, 2012). An Olympic negotiation analysis: A case study of the 1988 Seoul Olympics. Center for Public Policy Dispute Resolution’s Annual Spring Symposium. Austin, TX.  
  • Berg, B. (February, 2012). Depoliticized athletes: Retrospective views of the Black Power Salute. Texas Graduate Sport Management Student Symposium, Austin, TX.
  • Berg, B. K., Kessler, S., & Hunt, T.M. (June, 2011). “This powerful signal of world outrage”: International relations theory and sport governance. North American Society for Sport Management Conference, London, Ontario. 
  • Berg, B., & Chalip, L. (June, 2010). Legalizing the emerging: A policy discourse analysis of the legalization of mixed martial arts. North American Society for Sport Management Conference, Tampa, FL.
  • Warner, S., Berg, B., Kim, C., & Newhouse-Bailey, M. (May, 2009). Understanding adult sport participation and community: A multi-national inquiry - Sport structures and gender. North American Society for Sport Management Conference, Columbia, SC.