Books Published

Earnestine Jenkins, Black Artists in America: from the Great Depression to Civil Rights. Yale University Press. 2022.

Earnestine Jenkins. James Little: Homecoming, exhibition catalogu. ixon Galleries and Gardens: Memphis, Tennessee, 2022. 

Race, Representation and Photography in 19th Century Memphis: from Slavery to Jim Crow. London: Ashgate, 2016.

African Americans in Memphis. Charelston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2009. 

A Kingly Craft: Art and Leadership in Ethiopia. A Social History of Art and Visual Culture in Pre-modern Africa. Lanham: University Press of America, 2008.

Jenkins, Earnestine and Darlene Clark Hine, eds. A Question of Manhood: A Reader in U.S. Black Men' s History and Masculinity. Vol. 2. Bloomington; Indiana University Press, May 2001. 

Hine, Darlene Clark and Earnestine Jenkins, eds. A Question of Manhood: A Reader in U.S. Black Men's History and Masculinity. Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.

A Glorious Past: Ancient Egypt, Ethiopia, and Nubia. Milestones in Black American History Series. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1994.

Book Reviews

Photography in Tennessee: Early Studios and Medium’s First Century. Reviewed the exhibition manuscript in preparation for the exhibition scheduled for spring 2025, at the Tennessee State Museum, Nashville, Tennessee.

African Studies Review, 2023, for Verena Krebs. Medieval Ethiopian Kingship, Craft, and Diplomacy with Latin Europe. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. 

Georgia Historical Quarterly, for “Jewel Woodard Simon and the Struggle to Desegregate the Atlanta School of Art.” 2023.

Mississippi Quarterly: The Journal of Southern Cultures, for “Vertis Hayes and the Johnson Hall Carver Mural.” 2023.

Tennessee Historical Quarterly , 2023. Leigh Ann Gardner, To Care for the Sick and Bury the Dead: African American Lodges and Cemeteries in Tennessee, Vanderbilt University Press, 2022.  

College Art Association Review, 2022. Aston Gonzalez, Visualizing Equality: African American Rights and Visual Culture in the Nineteenth Century, the University of North Carolina Press, 2020, for College Art Association reviews, 2021.

Manuscript Review-The Routledge Companion to African Diaspora Art History, for Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

To Make Their Own Way in the World: the Enduring Legacy of the Zealy Daguerreotypes, edited by Ilisa Barbash, Molly Rogers, and Deborah Willis, Peabody Museum Press and Aperture, 2020.

Matthew Fox-Amato, Exposing Slavery: Photography, Human Bondage, and the Birth of Modern Visual Politics in America, Oxford University Press, 2019, for the electronic journal, History Reviews, London, UK, 2020.

Mary Schmidt Campbell, An American Odyssey: The Life and Work of Romare Bearden, Oxford University Press, 2018, for Studies in American Culture, (October 2019).

Mauscript Review-Gericault, Black Chattel, Black Bodies, for Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

Manuscript Review-Memorializing Slavery and Freedom in the Life and Works of Lubaina Hamid (1985-2018), Liverpool University Press, 2018.

New Orleans:in association with Ogden Museum of Southern Art and University of New Orleans Center for the Book, Clementine Hunter: A Sketchbook, 2014, College Art Association Reviews, February 2018.

Esther Lezra. The Colonial Art of Demonizing Others: A Global Perspective, Routledge, 2014. Review for Journal of American Studies, Fall 2015.

Bernier, Celeste. Characters of Blood: Black Heroism in the Transatlantic Imagination. Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2012. reviewed for Slavery & Abolition, 2014

Samuel W. Black and Reginnia N. Williams, Through the Lens of Allen E. Cole: a Photographic History of African Americans in Cleveland, The Kent state University Press, for Journal of American Studies, 2013

The Life ,Art, and Times of Joseph Delaney by Frederick Moffett. University of Tennessee Press, 2010, in Journal of East Tennessee History,  Spring 2011  

“Welcome to the Court: The Diplomatic Self Preservation of King Menelik of Ethiopia,” Rutgers Art Review, Department of Art, Rutgers University, March 2013.

Nancy Goldstein. Jackie Ormes: the Frst African American Woman Cartoonist.  Ann Arbor: the University of Michigan Press, 2008. Reviewed for American Studies Journal, Spring Issue, vol. 50:1, 2010  

Manuscript Evaluation: Jo-Ann Morgan. Uncle Tom's Cabin as Visual Culture. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2007.

Egypt in Africa, Theodore Celenko, Editor, in African Arts. (Summer 1998).

Transatlantic Slavery: Against Human Dignity, Anthony Tibbles, Editor, in African Arts. Vol. XXIX. No. 1 (Winter 1996).

Refereed Journal Publications

"Elite Colored Women, the Material Culture of Photography, & Victorian Era Womanhood in Reconstruction Era Memphis," in Strike for Freedom: Acts and Arts of Liberation in the African Atlantic Imaginary (1818-2018), a special issue of the Journal of Slavery & Abolition, Spring, 2020.

I866: Imaging Freed People in Memphis Tennessee-The Reconstruction Era Illustrations of Civil War Artist, Alfred Waud. Tennessee Historical Quarterly, 2019.

“Emperor Menilek II and the Art of Manuscript Illumination: The Politics of Representation in 19^th Century Ethiopia,” Northeast African Studies, Winter 2019.

The Hooks Brothers of Memphis: Artist Photographers of the New Negro Movement in the Urban South, in Memphis: 200 Years Together, Karen B. Golightly and Jonathan Judaken, editors. Susan Shadt Press: Memphis-New Orleans, 2019.

“Missionary Photography: The Liberian Archive of Doctor Georgia Patton,” Visual Resources: International Journal on Images and their Uses, Winter 2018 

“Anna Murray Douglass -‘The Mother of Cedar Hill’: Photography and the Representation of 19th Century Black Women’s Activism,” in Imaging Frederick Douglas, Liverpool University Press, eds. Celeste Bernier and Bill Lawson, 2016

"Painting Ira Aldridge as Othello in James Northcote's 1827 Manchester Portrait," chapter in Spectacles of Blackness: Representing Blacks in European Art of the Long Nineteenth Century. London: Ashgate, 2014.

"Muralist Vertis Hayes & the LeMoyne Federal Art Center: African American Fine Arts in Memphis, Tennessee, 1930s-1940s," Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Summer 2014

"Music and Community: WDIA and Black Radio Culture in Civil Rights Era memphis. Tennessee Historical Quarterly. (Fall 2006). 

"African American Boyhood," in Boyhood in America: An Encyclopedia. Priscilla Ferguson Clement and Jaqueline Reinier, eds. Denver: ABC-CLIO, November 2001. 

Refereed Conference Publications

Contributor, The African American Odyssey, eds., Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, Stanley Harrold. Prentice Hall, 2002.

"Four miniatures from 18th-19th Century Sawa: An African Perspective," in  Aspects of Ethiopian Art. Paul Henze, ed. London: The Jed Press, 1993.

Non-Refereed Publications

Earnestine Jenkins, Afterword, in Douglass Family Lives: The Anna Murray and Frederick Douglass Family Collected Works and Biography Books 1-6,  (Edinburgh University Press) and Douglass Family Lives: An Anthology, (Edinburgh University Press and Duke University Press), editor, Celeste Bernier, 2025.

“The American Negro Artist Looks at Africa: The Art Historian James A. Porter and African Diaspora Art Histories,” in Black Artists in America: from Civil Rights to the Bicentennial, editor. Dixon Galleries and Gardens in association with Yale University Press, 2026.

“Reckoning with Nobosodru Mangbetu Woman: Chronicling Black Women’s Histories in Carrie Mae Weems’ From Here I Saw What Happened, and I Cried,” in Black Artists in America, editor. Dixon Galleries and Gardens in association with Yale University Press, 2025.

“Blended Identities in American Photography,” Victorian Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Victorian Studies (invited essay for a special issue/Forum on photography during the 19^th century) 48.1 (Winter 2022).

Reverend Morris Henderson: Founder of Beale Street Baptist Church and Zion Christian Cemetery, chapter in Historic Zion Cemetery in Memphis, eds., Peatchola Jones-Cole and Tyrone Davis. The History Press: Charleston, SC., 2022.

“Luther Hampton,” The Brooklyn Rail: Critical Perspectives on Arts, Politics, and Culture, (Dec/Jan 2021).

Digital Project/ University of Memphis,National African American Photographic Project. Memphis: University Libraries, 2012.

'Early African American Photography in Memphis', Number Magazine, Memphis, Tennessee, 2009.

Guest Editor, Number Magazine: special issue, African American Art in Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, 2009

"Nubia" in Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experience, Culture. Carole Boyce Davies, editor. Denver: ABC-CLIO, 2008 

"Songhay" in Encyclopedia of Africa and the Americas. Richard M. Juang and Noelle Morrisette, eds. Denver: ABC-CLIO, 2008

"Artist, Alison Saar," in Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. 2nd edition. Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Oxford University Press, May 2005.

"Artist, Bettye Saar," in Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. 2nd edition. Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Oxford University Press, may 2005.

"Francis Kneeland." Reprint in Facts on File Encyclopedia of Black Women in America: Science, Health and Medecine. Vol. 6. Darlene Clark Hine and Kathleen Thompson, eds. Facts on File Inc., 1997.

"Julia Hooks." Reprint in Facts on File Encyclopedia of Black Women in America: The Early Years, 1619-1899. Vol. 1. Facts on File Inc., 1997.

"Francis Kneeland," in Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Brooklyn, New York: Carlson Publishing, 1993. 

"Julia Hooks," in Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Brooklyn, New York: Carlson Publishing, Inc., 1993.

Creative/Artistic Works

Invited Curatorial-Scholar-with the Dixon Gallery and Gardens I undertake research and curatorial duties on twentieth century African American art in relation to an exhibition to be held at the Dixon Gallery and Gardens from October 17, 2021, through January 2, 2022 (working dates) and other venues. The title of the first exhibition, (there will be 3 exhibitions ranging from the 1930s-1970s) is Black Artists in America: 1930-1954.

The Arts of Race & Violence Project: 2016-2017 A multidisciplinary project organized with colleague, artist Richard Lou, in collaboration with Crosstown Arts. The project was inspired by events in the broader Memphis community to understand racial oppression and violence in the South by memorializing lynching sites. The city of Memphis is an extremely important site in this history due to the murder of three young African American businessmen in 1892, and the lynching of Ell Persons in 1917.

'African Art & Spirituality:Martha & Robert Fogelman Collection of African Art,' University of Memphis Art Museum, 2013.

'The Memphis World of Ida B. Wells' for Ida B.Wells:Legacies for Civic Action and Leadership from a Truth-Telling Woman, 13th Annual Biennial Public Address Conference, Department of Communications, University of Memphis, Sept 27-29, 2012.

Digital Collection. Historical African American African Diaspora Photographs, at National African American Photographic Project, University of Memphis Libraries/Digital Repository, 2012

Art in the Land of Sundiata/Margaret & Robert Fogelman Collection of African Art, University of Memphis Art Museum, 2010.

'Early African American Photographers in Memphis,'Jones hall Art Gallery, Department of Art, University of Memphis, 2008

'The Visual Arts of Africa,' Memphis Brooks Museum of Art, 2004

Presentations - Conference (refereed *)

Opening Lecture for the exhibit, Augusta Savage: Renaissance Woman, “Augusta Savage: Black Women Artists and Institution Building During the New Negro Movement,” Dixon Galleries and Gardens, January 26, 2020. January 19, 2020-March 22, 2020, (organized by the Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens).

Invited Lecture, “Mammies and Maids in Early Hollywood Cinema,” at the Tom & O.E. Stigall Ethnic Library & History Museum, Humbolt,Tennessee, January 9, 2020. Lecture related to traveling exhibit on the representation of Black women as domestics in American film, (November 18, 2019-January 18, 2020). Lecture requested by Humanities Tennessee for their Traveling Exhibit Program.

Invited Paper, “Anna Murray Douglass Black Women and the Commemoration of the ‘Mother of Cedar Hill,” Black Atlantic Authorship and Art (1818-2018) International Symposium, 16-17 November 2018, National Library of Scotland and the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.

Invited Paper-Panelist: “The Visual Culture of Slavery and its Aftermath in ‘Mulatto’ Women’s Lives: Memphis”, Visual Culture of Slavery Panel, Southern Historical Association, November 8-11, Birmingham, Alabama, 2018.

Invited Panelist: Black History Month Symposium, Sacred Ground: Excavating Sites of Black Memory, Tuskegee University, February 9-10, 2017, Tuskegee, Alabama.

“The Great Migration and Urban Blues,” 2015 Association of African American Museums Annual Conference -Milestones in History – African American Museums and the Story of African American Progress, Memphis, TN., August 4-7, 2015.

“From Liberia to Memphis: the Photographic Archive of Dr. Georgia Patton Washington,” James A. Porter Colloquium, Sheroes and Womanists: An Examination of Feminist Subjectivity in Modern and Contemporary African American Art, April 10-11, 2015, Howard University, Washington, D.C.

“Muralist Vertis Hayes,” 34th Annual Bryllion and Mary Fagin Lecture Series, LeMoyne Owen College, November 2014, Memphis, TN.,

“The Depiction of Slavery & American Print Culture in Antebellum Memphis,” Conference: African American Expression in Print Culture, Center for the History of Print and Digital Culture, Madison Wisconsin, September 19-21, 2014.

Panel Coordinator, "Photography & Public Memory: Ida B.Wells and the 1892 Lynching in the Curve, panel session Radical Arts & the Politics of Race and Public Memory: Denial & Hidden Histories, Association for the Study of African American Life & History, Memphis, TN., September 24-28, 2014

Panel Coordinator, "Anna Murray & the Familial Frederick Douglass: Hidden Narratives in the Photographs of a Nineteenth Century Black Family," panel session Imaging Frederick Douglass: Aesthetics & Black Agency in Diaspora Visual Culture, Association for the Study of African American Life & History, Memphis, TN. 2014

Conference:The Visual Culture of Emancipation: Fort Pickering, Black Soldiers, and Freed Women in Civil War Era Memphis, Midwest Art History Society Conference, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, March 21-23, 2013

 A Fresh Look at African Art. Panel. Art Museum, University of Memphis, April 24, 2010

Invited Commentator. Black Masculinity: Post-Reconstruction. Association for the Study of African American Life and History. Cincinnati, Ohio, September 31-October 4, 2009  

Invited Panelist, Menelik II: Imaging an African Leader in the Era of Colonization, Visionary Leadership: Kings, Art and the Colonial Moment. African Studies Association, Chicago, Illinois (Nov. 13-18, 2008). 

Invited Panelist, Race and Masculinity in 19th Century European Art, Race and Masculinity. Organization of American Historians, Washington, D.C. (April 2003). 

Workshop, Christian Art in Nubia,: Art History in Africa. National Endowment for the Humanities Institute for Teachers, African Studies Center, Michigan State University (June 1996). 

Invited Panelist:Imagery and Ideology in Ethiopian Kingship. Tenth Triennial Symposium on African Art, New York City (April 1995). 

A Separate Cinema: Early Race Film during the Harlem Renaissance, Monumental Discoveries: An Interdisciplinary Symposium Exploring the Arts. Michigan State University, (March 1994).

Invited Panelist: Three Miniatures from 18th-19th Century Sawa: the Influence of Scroll Painting. The 2nd International Conference on the History of Ethiopian Art. Nieborow, Poland (September 1990).  

Presentations - Universities/Industry (refereed *)

Invited panelist- Discussion on Race and Representation organized by George Lipsitz, Center for Black Studies Research, University of Santa Barbara, November 4-6, 2015.

“Imaging the Horrible: Ida B. Wells, Photography, & the Lynching at the Curve,1892” The Black Special Relationship: African American Scholarship and its Impact on Black Intellectual Life in Britain, Blackness in Britain 2015, Birmingham City University, 30-31 October 2015.

"From Slavery to Freedom: Blacks and American Print Culture in Nineteenth Century Memphis, panel session At the Intersection of Black Print and Visual Cultures, African American Expression in Print & Digital Culture, Center for the History of Print and Digital Culture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, September 18-21, 2014

Depicting Religion-Spirituality in the Works of African-American Artists,  Dixon Gallery & Gardens, November 6, 2013, in connection with traveling exhibition, Ashe to Amen, 2013

Painting the Black Woman as Lynched Victim in Joe Jones' 'American Justice' 1933. Symposium, Hooks Institute for Social Change, University of Memphis, April 18-20, 2012.

Panel Coordinator-Chair, The Black Female Subject in Western Art and Visual Culture, SECAC, Greensboro, North Carolina, October 17-19, 2012

Visualizing African American Culture in the Paintings of South Carolina Artist, Jonathan Greene, Dixon Gallery & Gardens, memphis, Tennessee, August 15, 2012.

Joe Jones; Radical Painter of the American Scene. April 13th, 2011. Dixon Galleries and Gardens, Memphis, TN.  

Panelist: John Northcote's Portrait Head of a Negro in the Character of Othello, Painting Race in Early Nineteenth Century British Art. 2007 BARS-NASSR Conference (British Association of Romantic Studies and the North American Society for the Study of Romanticism), Emancipation, Liberation, Freedom, University of Bristol, 26-29 July 2007.  

Invited Lecture, Gendering the Male Experience: African American Men and the History of Masculinities. University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS., March 4, 2002. 

Workshop, Contemporary Trends in the Historiography of Slave Studies. Malcolm X Academy. Detroit, Michigan, 1993.   

Workshop, Teaching African History. Malcolm X Academy. Detroit, Michigan, 1992. 

Other Presentations (refereed *)

The Works Projects Administration in Memphis, Tennessee: Funding the Arts During the Great Depression, SECAC, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2025.

Invited Lecture for exhibition, Black Artist in America: from Civil Rights to the Bicentennial, Crocker Museum of Art, Sacramento California, February 4, 2024-May 19, 2024, “The American Negro Artist Looks at Africa: Art Historian James A. Porter and African Diaspora Art Histories,” Crocker Art Museum, April 13, 2024.

Opening Lecture for exhibition, Black Artist in America: from Civil Rights to the Bicentennial, Dixon Galleries and Gardens, Memphis, TN., October 22, 2023, January 14, 2024, “The American Negro Artist Looks at Africa: Art Historian James A. Porter and African Diaspora Art Histories,” Dixon Galleries and Gardens, Memphis, Tennessee, October 29, 2023.

Panel: "Hidden Histories of Black Women in Radio and Musical Pioneers of Memphis, Circa 1950 - 1979."  Tennessee Association of Museums Conference, Stax Museum of American Soul Music, Memphis, Tennessee, March 14-17, 2023.

Invited Presentation, "Race, Imagery, and Freedom: A Photographic History for All of Us." Memphis Racial Equity and Healing Foundation, Collage Dance Center, Memphis Tennessee, October 10-15, 2022.

Invited Book Talk/Zoom presentation, ‘Black Artists in America,’ April 24, 2022. This talk was for the Potomac River Chapter of The Society, Incorporated, a non-profit national organization of women that supports youth development in the arts, with a focus on under-served children in communities of color.

“Black Artists in America,” Activisms workshop on Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, Advocacy Community Engagement, and Organizational Vibrancy, Tennessee Art Education Association Fall Conference, November 3,4 and 5, 2022, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, 2022.

"Civil War Artist Alfred Waud’s Images of Freed People in Reconstruction Era Memphis" A Country Unified? Visions of America in the Age of Reconstruction Panel, SECAC (Southeastern College Art Conference), Maryland Institute College of Art, Baltimore, MD, October 26-29, 2022.

Opening Exhibition Lecture for Black Artists in America: from the Great Depression to Civil Rights, Dixon Galleries and Gardens, Memphis, TN., October 17, 2021-January 2, 2022.

Invited Book Talk/Zoom presentation, ‘Black Artists in America,’ March 3, 2022

Discussed the exhibition and book for The Historic Melrose School project’s History/Genealogy Subcommittee.

Invited Lecture: Michael Abramson’s Photographs of Black Night Life in 1970 Chicago, Stax Museum of American Soul Music, 9-28-2022. The lecture was part of the programming for the exhibition of noted photographer Michael Abramson’s documentation of night life and Black clubs in Chicago during the 1960s-1970s.

Invited Lecture: Michael Abramson’s Photographs of Black Night Life in 1970 Chicago, Stax Museum of American Soul Music, 9-28-2022. The lecture was part of the programming for the exhibition of noted photographer Michael Abramson’s documentation of night life and Black clubs in Chicago during the 1960s-1970s.

History Channel interview for article about African American Women and the Suffrage movement published as, ‘5 Black Suffragists Who Fought for the 19^th Amendment-And Much More,’ by Lakshmi Gandhi: https://www.history.com/news/black-suffragists-19th-amendment.

“Race and Contested History in Memphis Museums and Monuments panelist, The American Association for State and Local History. Annual Meeting in Little Rock, Arkansas, on September 22-25, 2021.

“Walter Simon: Abstract Expressionist, Art Educator, Art Historian,” Color in the Classroom Panel:
Histories and Practices of Twentieth Century African American Artist-Educators, College Art Association, February 10-14, 2021.

Host of Round Table Panel on the Status of Art History, 1^st Graduate Student Symposium, University of Memphis, April 22-24, 2021.

Invited Panelist, The Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity in America, Brown University, February 17, 2020. Panel discussion about Strike for Freedom: Frederick Douglass in Scotland, by filmmaker Parisa Urquhart, about the exhibit, symposium, and plaque unveiling honoring Frederick Douglass, University of Edinburgh, 2019. The four panelists participated in the event and are featured in the film. The four participants, (Bill Lawson, Earnestine Jenkins, Celeste Bernier, George Lipsitz) will use the film as a point of departure to talk about the politics of archives and memory, with two scholars from Brown University acting as respondents to the panel discussion.

“Race & the Visual Culture of 19th Century Memphis, Ghandi-King Conference, workshop paper on panel entitled Arts: learn how the arts (visual, performing, etc.), fit into conversations and demonstrations of social justice, National Civil Rights Museum, Memphis, TN., April 8-9, 2016.

Panel Coordinator-Chair, Art & Legacy at Historical Black Colleges, SECAC: Southeastern College Art Conference, Greensboro, North Carolina, October 30, November 2, 2013

Conference:Muralist Vertis Hayes and the LeMoyne Federal Art Center: A Legacy of African American Fine Arts in Memphis, Tennessee 1930s-1950s, SECAC, Greensboro, North Carolina, October 30th November 2, 2013

Paper: Race & Gender in Joe Jones' American Justice:' Radical Painter of the American Scene. SECAC, Greensboro, North Carolina, October 17-19, 2012.

Panel Coordinator-Chair, 'The Black Female Subject in Western Art and Popular Culture,' SECAC, Greensboro, North Carolina, October 17-19, 2012

Victorian Women of Color and the Family Photo Album; Documenting Race, Gender, and Interracial Relationships in 19th Century Memphis. African Americans and the Civil War, Association for the Study of African American Life and History, Richmond, VA., October 5-9, 2011.

Race & Representation: Depicting 'New Negro' Manhood in Hooks Brothers Photographs, Memphis, Tennessee, Modern and Contemporary Art Session. SECAC, Birmingham, Alabama (October,2009).  

Invited Panelist: Picturing Menelik II, 'King of Kings' of Ethiopia During the Era of Colonial Empire, 'Envisioning the Body Politic.' African Studies Association, Washington, D.C. (November 2005). 

The African Woman in the Portrait, Carrie Mae Weem's 'From Here I Saw What Happened and I Cried.' African Studies Association, New Orleans (November 2004).  

Conference: Black Women Artists and Representations of Mammy and Aunt Jemima: an Essay in Visual Liberation. Twelfth Triennial Symposium on African Art, St. Thomas (April 2001).  

Selling Knowledge: Ebony Magazine and the Popularization of African American History. Comparative Black History Symposium, (Michigan State University, April 17-18, 1998).

Conference: Black Male Identity: Sam Cooke and the Romantic Tradition in Soul Music. Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (October 1995).